Difference between revisions of "Modular Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector (mRICH)"

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The modular aerogel RICH is designed for hadron identification covering a momentum range of 3-10 GeV/c. Silica aerogel has been used for decades in threshold Cherenkov counters for high energy physics experiment and has recently been used as radiator material for RICH detectors for the HERMES, LHCb, AMS, Belle experiments [1-4], and for the CLAS12 experiment. This R&D has been benefiting from having in house expertise acquired from CLAS12 RICH [5].
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The goal of the modular aerogel RICH (mRICH) is to provide hadronic PID capability with momentum coverage from 3 to 10 GeV/c with a compact design in order to overcome the space limitations of the EIC experiments. Although the multi-layer proximity-focusing RICH design, such as ARICH at BELLE2, can achieve three-sigma K/π separation at 4 GeV/c, a larger expansion volume is required for PID in higher momentum range.
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The optical properties of aerogel are crucial parameters for the performance of mRICH. For instance, any angular dispersion of the emitted photons affects the precision of the Cherenkov angle measurements. In addition, a high transparency (transmittance) and a proper refractive index are required in order to collect a sufficient number of photons for a reliable ring reconstruction.  
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The design features of the mRICH are shown in Figure 2.3.1. The main components of the modular design include: (a) the aerogel block at the front (characteristic dimension: 10cm x 10cm x 3cm and n = 1.01 - 1.05), (b) focusing Fresnel lens (for projecting Cherenkov ring image toward the central region of the photosensor plane), (c) high quality mirror set on the side walls, and (d) the photosensor plane.
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A multi-layer proximity-focusing RICH design increases PID separation power by increasing number of detected photons (Nγ) by adding successive layers of radiator while keeping the uncertainty of Cherenkov angle (σ_θ) of single photon measurement. In contrast, the novel lens-based mRICH design improves the separation power by minimizing the uncertainty σ_θ as a result of lens focusing, and requires a smaller coverage of the photosensor plane.  
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The focus of this particular R&D is to systematically study the mRICH performance through simulation with realistic material properties of the aerogel block, fresnel lens and mirror configuration (i.e. tilting angle) and to verify the simulation results through prototyping and beam test. The performance of the mRICH in the EIC detector will also been studied.
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=Detector Design=
 
=Detector Design=
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Modular RICH detector consist of a block of aerogel as a radiator, a Fresnel lens, a set of four-sided mirror, and a sensor plane. When charged particle passes through the aerogel, it will emit Cherenkov photons in a cone shape. These Cherenkov photons will be focused by the Fresnel lens on the sensor plane, and form a shape ring image.
  
 
{|
 
{|
 
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|-
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| [[image: Detector overview1.png |center|400px|Single 9 GeV/c pion simulation]]
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| [[image: Detector overview1.png |left|400px|Single 9 GeV/c pion simulation]]
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| [[image:Detector overview 9GeVPi center.png|center|420px|Single 9 GeV/c pion simulation]]
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| [[image:Detector overview 9GeVPi center.png|left|420px|Single 9 GeV/c pion simulation]]
 
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|-
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| Modular RICH detector in GEMC simulation
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| Figure 1.1 (a). Modular RICH detector in GEMC simulation
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| Single 9 GeV/c pion simulation
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| Figure 1.1 (b). Single 9 GeV/c pion simulation
 
|}
 
|}
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There are two advantages of the lens-based design. Firstly, the ring image is smaller and thinner because of the focusing of lens (see figure 1.2 and 1.3). Secondly, in the case that charged particle travelling parallel but off the longitudinal axis (that is, the optical principal of lens), ring image will be shifted to the central area of the sensor plane (see figure 1.4 and 1.5). Therefore, the lens-based design enhances detector PID performance, while lowers the required sensor plane area per ring.
  
 
{|
 
{|
 
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| [[image: LensFocusing withLens.png |center|400px|Single 9 GeV/c pion simulation]]
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| [[image: LensFocusing withLens.png |left|800px]]
 
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|-
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| caption1
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| Figure 1.2. Lens focusing gives thinner Cherenkov ring image compare to BELLE-2 ARICH design (below)
 
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|-
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| [[image: BELLE2 ARICH Focusing.png |center|420px|Single 9 GeV/c pion simulation]]
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| [[image: BELLE2 ARICH Focusing.png |left|800px]]
 
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|-
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| caption2
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| Figure 1.3. BELL-2 ARICH design a double layer proximity focusing RICH detector. By using two different refractive indices aerogel block, in order to increase number of photons detected while keeping uncertainty of single photon measurement.
 
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=Fisrt Prototype=
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{|
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|-
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| [[image:LensShifting withLens.png |left|800px]]
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|-
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| Figure 1.4. When the charge particle incident along the z-axis of the detector, Cherenkov ring image from the incident particle will be shifted to the central area of the sensor plane, resulting fewer photon loss, and reduce image distortion.
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|-
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| [[image: BELLE2 ARICH Shifting.png |left|800px]]
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|-
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| Figure 1.5. Cherenkov ring image from particles that are incident at the third quadrant of the detector.
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|}
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=Fisrt Prototype and Beam Test=
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'''First Prototype'''
 
{|
 
{|
 
|-
 
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| [[image: Prototype.png |center|600px|First mRICH prototype]]
 
| [[image: Prototype.png |center|600px|First mRICH prototype]]
 
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|-
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| First mRICH prototype
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| Figure 2.1. First mRICH prototype
 
|}
 
|}
  
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=Beam Test=
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{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Component
 +
! Property
 +
|-
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| Detector holder box
 +
| acrylic
 +
|-
 +
| Aerogel
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| refractive index=1.03
 +
|-
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| Fresnel lens
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| spheric acrylic Fresnel lens. focal length=3"
 +
|-
 +
| Mirror set
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| Sensor
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| HAMAMATSU 8500 PMT array. Pixel size=6×6mm
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
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'''First Beam Test'''
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Beam test set up at Fermilab Test Beam Mtest Facility for the first modular RICH prototype detector is shown in the picture below. The detector (black box) sit at the center of a aluminium frame. On both ends of the aluminium frame are hodoscopes. Each hodoscopes consist of four horizon finger-size (1cm x 1cm) scintillators, and four vertical finger-size scintillators. On the far right of the aluminium frame was trigger paddle. The beam was coming from right to left of the picture.
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{|
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|-
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| [[image:BeamTestSetup2.png|left|500px]]
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|-
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| Figure 3.1. Beam test set up at Fermilab Test Beam Mtest Facility for the first modular RICH prototype detector.
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|}
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Accumulated hit maps from test beam data (right) and simulation (left) are shown in figure (3.2) and (3.3).
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{|
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|-
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| [[image:MRICH run70 n103 accumulatedDisplay.png|400px]] [[image:MRICH simulation run70 hitMap.png|400px]]
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|-
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| Figure 3.2. Test beam (left) and simulation (right) results from 120 GeV/c proton beam hit perpendicularly at the center of detector xy plane
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|-
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| [[image:MRICH run88 n103 accumulatedDisplay.png|400px]] [[image:MRICH simulation run88 hitMap.png|400px]]
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|-
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| Figure 3.3. Test beam (left) and simulation (right) results from 120 GeV/c proton beam hit perpendicularly at the 3rd quadrant of detector xy plane.
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|}
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=Second Prototype=
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'''Optimized Detector Design'''
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In order to enhance detector PID performance, the next mRICH prototype will use a longer focal length (6") Fresnel lens, and smaller pixel size (3mm × 3mm) photon sensors. Furthermore, the readout electronics will be separated from the optical components to avoid overheating.
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{|
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|-
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| [[image:Prototype2drawing.png|400px]] [[image:Prototype2pic.png|700px]]
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|-
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| Figure 3.1. (left) 3D drawing of the second mRICH prototype. (right) construction of the second mRICH prototype.
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|}
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{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Component
 +
! Property
 +
|-
 +
| Detector holder box
 +
| Aluminum
 +
|-
 +
| Aerogel
 +
| refractive index=1.03
 +
|-
 +
| Fresnel lens
 +
| spheric acrylic Fresnel lens. focal length=6"
 +
|-
 +
| Mirror set
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| Sensor
 +
| HAMAMATSU 13700 PMT array. Pixel size=3×3mm
 +
|-
 +
|}
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'''Projected Detector Performance of Next mRICH Prototype'''
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{|
 +
|-
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| [[image:Num sigma 6inFocalLength.png|500px]][[image:MRICH e pi separation.png|450px]]
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|-
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| Figure 3.2. (Right) Projected K/pi separation power of modular RICH detector obtained from simulation using 6" focal length Fresnel lens with different pixel size photon sensors. K/pi separation power of second mRICH prototype is shown in green dots. (Left) Projected e/pi separation power of second modular RICH prototype. These plots indicates that with the second prototype design, the mRICH prototype can acheive 3-sigma of K/pi separation and e/pi separation up to 8 GeV/c and 2 GeV/c, respectively.
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|}
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=mRICH Detector System Simulation=
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*mRICH detector system in sPHENIX/ePHENIX. The detector system which contains 284 modules of mRICH, covers 1.0 to 2.0 rapidity.
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*:[[image: MRICH in ePHENIX.png |center|400px|mRICH in ePHENIX]]
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*:Event display of 10 negative pion tracks (view from down stream) from simulation. An enlarged view is shown on the left.
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*:[[image: MRICHsystem ePHENIX.png|center|400px|mRICH system in ePHENIX]]
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*mRICH detector system in JLEIC.
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*:[[image: MRICH in JLEIC.png |center|350px|mRICH in JLEIC]]
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=Second mRICH Prototype Beam Test=
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'''Technical Scope of Work (TSW)'''
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*[[Media:T1048_FY2018_mRICH_v1.pdf | TSW document submitted to Fermilab]]

Latest revision as of 10:50, 1 June 2018

The goal of the modular aerogel RICH (mRICH) is to provide hadronic PID capability with momentum coverage from 3 to 10 GeV/c with a compact design in order to overcome the space limitations of the EIC experiments. Although the multi-layer proximity-focusing RICH design, such as ARICH at BELLE2, can achieve three-sigma K/π separation at 4 GeV/c, a larger expansion volume is required for PID in higher momentum range.

A multi-layer proximity-focusing RICH design increases PID separation power by increasing number of detected photons (Nγ) by adding successive layers of radiator while keeping the uncertainty of Cherenkov angle (σ_θ) of single photon measurement. In contrast, the novel lens-based mRICH design improves the separation power by minimizing the uncertainty σ_θ as a result of lens focusing, and requires a smaller coverage of the photosensor plane.

Detector Design

Modular RICH detector consist of a block of aerogel as a radiator, a Fresnel lens, a set of four-sided mirror, and a sensor plane. When charged particle passes through the aerogel, it will emit Cherenkov photons in a cone shape. These Cherenkov photons will be focused by the Fresnel lens on the sensor plane, and form a shape ring image.

Single 9 GeV/c pion simulation
Single 9 GeV/c pion simulation
Figure 1.1 (a). Modular RICH detector in GEMC simulation Figure 1.1 (b). Single 9 GeV/c pion simulation

There are two advantages of the lens-based design. Firstly, the ring image is smaller and thinner because of the focusing of lens (see figure 1.2 and 1.3). Secondly, in the case that charged particle travelling parallel but off the longitudinal axis (that is, the optical principal of lens), ring image will be shifted to the central area of the sensor plane (see figure 1.4 and 1.5). Therefore, the lens-based design enhances detector PID performance, while lowers the required sensor plane area per ring.

LensFocusing withLens.png
Figure 1.2. Lens focusing gives thinner Cherenkov ring image compare to BELLE-2 ARICH design (below)
BELLE2 ARICH Focusing.png
Figure 1.3. BELL-2 ARICH design a double layer proximity focusing RICH detector. By using two different refractive indices aerogel block, in order to increase number of photons detected while keeping uncertainty of single photon measurement.
LensShifting withLens.png
Figure 1.4. When the charge particle incident along the z-axis of the detector, Cherenkov ring image from the incident particle will be shifted to the central area of the sensor plane, resulting fewer photon loss, and reduce image distortion.
BELLE2 ARICH Shifting.png
Figure 1.5. Cherenkov ring image from particles that are incident at the third quadrant of the detector.

Fisrt Prototype and Beam Test

First Prototype

First mRICH prototype
Figure 2.1. First mRICH prototype
Component Property
Detector holder box acrylic
Aerogel refractive index=1.03
Fresnel lens spheric acrylic Fresnel lens. focal length=3"
Mirror set
Sensor HAMAMATSU 8500 PMT array. Pixel size=6×6mm

First Beam Test

Beam test set up at Fermilab Test Beam Mtest Facility for the first modular RICH prototype detector is shown in the picture below. The detector (black box) sit at the center of a aluminium frame. On both ends of the aluminium frame are hodoscopes. Each hodoscopes consist of four horizon finger-size (1cm x 1cm) scintillators, and four vertical finger-size scintillators. On the far right of the aluminium frame was trigger paddle. The beam was coming from right to left of the picture.

BeamTestSetup2.png
Figure 3.1. Beam test set up at Fermilab Test Beam Mtest Facility for the first modular RICH prototype detector.

Accumulated hit maps from test beam data (right) and simulation (left) are shown in figure (3.2) and (3.3).

MRICH run70 n103 accumulatedDisplay.png MRICH simulation run70 hitMap.png
Figure 3.2. Test beam (left) and simulation (right) results from 120 GeV/c proton beam hit perpendicularly at the center of detector xy plane
MRICH run88 n103 accumulatedDisplay.png MRICH simulation run88 hitMap.png
Figure 3.3. Test beam (left) and simulation (right) results from 120 GeV/c proton beam hit perpendicularly at the 3rd quadrant of detector xy plane.

Second Prototype

Optimized Detector Design

In order to enhance detector PID performance, the next mRICH prototype will use a longer focal length (6") Fresnel lens, and smaller pixel size (3mm × 3mm) photon sensors. Furthermore, the readout electronics will be separated from the optical components to avoid overheating.

Prototype2drawing.png Prototype2pic.png
Figure 3.1. (left) 3D drawing of the second mRICH prototype. (right) construction of the second mRICH prototype.
Component Property
Detector holder box Aluminum
Aerogel refractive index=1.03
Fresnel lens spheric acrylic Fresnel lens. focal length=6"
Mirror set
Sensor HAMAMATSU 13700 PMT array. Pixel size=3×3mm

Projected Detector Performance of Next mRICH Prototype

Num sigma 6inFocalLength.pngMRICH e pi separation.png
Figure 3.2. (Right) Projected K/pi separation power of modular RICH detector obtained from simulation using 6" focal length Fresnel lens with different pixel size photon sensors. K/pi separation power of second mRICH prototype is shown in green dots. (Left) Projected e/pi separation power of second modular RICH prototype. These plots indicates that with the second prototype design, the mRICH prototype can acheive 3-sigma of K/pi separation and e/pi separation up to 8 GeV/c and 2 GeV/c, respectively.

mRICH Detector System Simulation

  • mRICH detector system in sPHENIX/ePHENIX. The detector system which contains 284 modules of mRICH, covers 1.0 to 2.0 rapidity.
    mRICH in ePHENIX
    Event display of 10 negative pion tracks (view from down stream) from simulation. An enlarged view is shown on the left.
    mRICH system in ePHENIX
  • mRICH detector system in JLEIC.
    mRICH in JLEIC

Second mRICH Prototype Beam Test

Technical Scope of Work (TSW)

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